Psychological Models of Insomnia Disorder: A Recent Review
PDF
Cite
Share
Request
Review
P: 10-19
March 2024

Psychological Models of Insomnia Disorder: A Recent Review

J Turk Sleep Med 2024;11(1):10-19
1. Atılım Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye
2. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye
No information available.
No information available
Received Date: 26.02.2023
Accepted Date: 29.05.2023
Publish Date: 29.03.2024
PDF
Cite
Share
Request

ABSTRACT

Insomnia disorder, causing personal and societal costs, is a psychiatric disorder characterized by difficulties in falling asleep, maintaining sleep, and waking up earlier than planned in the morning. Approximately 10% of the population suffers from insomnia. Previous studies have shown that insomnia disorder reduces the overall quality of life, decreases daily functionality, leads to impairments in some psychomotor and cognitive skills, reduces job performance, causes more absenteeism at work, and increases treatment costs for disorders other than insomnia. Moreover, insomnia is a risk factor for different psychiatric disorders. Research conducted over the last 50 years has led to the emergence of various models to explain insomnia disorder from psychological viewpoints. These psychological models can be listed as the “stimulus control model”, “Spielman model”, “microanalytic model”, “neurocognitive model”, “high-risk model of threat perception”, “sleep interfering-sleep interpreting processes model”, “psychobiological inhibition model”, “cognitive model”, “evolutionary-emotional model”, and “fear simulation model”. The aim of this review article is to present an up-to-date picture of the psychological models of insomnia by outlining the basic assumptions.

Keywords: Insomnia, psychology, model, hyperarousal, sleep

References

1
Reeve K, Bailes B. Insomnia in Adults: Etiology and Management. J Nurse Pract. 2010;6(1):53-60.
2
Lichstein KL, Durrence HH, Taylor DJ, Bush AJ, Riedel BW. Quantitative criteria for insomnia. Behav Res Ther. 2003;41(4):427-445.
3
Morin CM, Benca R. Chronic insomnia. Lancet. 2012;379(9821):1129-1141.
4
Winkelman JW. Clinical Practice. Insomnia Disorder. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373(15):1437-1444.
5
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
6
Grima NA, Bei B, Mansfield D. Insomnia theory and assessment. Aust J Gen Pract. 2019;48(4):193-197.
7
Bos SC, Macedo AF. Literature review on Insomnia (2010–2016). Biol Rhythm Res. 2019;50:94-163.
8
Ohayon MM. Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn. Sleep Med Rev. 2002;6(2):97-111.
9
Cao XL, Wang SB, Zhong BL, Zhang L, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, et al. The prevalence of insomnia in the general population in China: A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):e0170772.
10
Ford ES, Cunningham TJ, Giles WH, Croft JB. Trends in insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness among U.S. adults from 2002 to 2012. Sleep Med. 2015;16(3):372-378.
11
Leger D, Guilleminault C, Dreyfus JP, Delahaye C, Paillard M. Prevalence of insomnia in a survey of 12,778 adults in France. J Sleep Res. 2000;9(1):35-42.
12
Morin CM, LeBlanc M, Bélanger L, Ivers H, Mérette C, Savard J. Prevalence of insomnia and its treatment in Canada. Can J Psychiatry. 2011;56(9):540-548.
13
Ohayon MM, Hong SC. Prevalence of insomnia and associated factors in South Korea. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53(1):593-600.
14
Ohayon MM, Sagales T. Prevalence of insomnia and sleep characteristics in the general population of Spain. Sleep Med. 2010;11(10):1010-1018.
15
Pallesen S, Nordhus IH, Nielsen GH, et al. Prevalence of insomnia in the adult Norwegian population. Sleep. 2001;24(7):771-779.
16
Benbir G, Demir AU, Aksu M, et al. Prevalence of insomnia and its clinical correlates in a general population in Turkey. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015;69(9):543-552.
17
Daley M, Morin CM, LeBlanc M, Grégoire JP, Savard J. The economic burden of insomnia: direct and indirect costs for individuals with insomnia syndrome, insomnia symptoms, and good sleepers. Sleep. 2009;32(1):55-64.
18
Fortier-Brochu E, Beaulieu-Bonneau S, Ivers H, Morin CM. Insomnia and daytime cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2012;16(1):83-94.
19
Godet-Cayré V, Pelletier-Fleury N, Le Vaillant M, Dinet J, Massuel MA, Léger D. Insomnia and absenteeism at work. Who pays the cost? Sleep. 2006;29(2):179-184.
20
LeBlanc M, Beaulieu-Bonneau S, Mérette C, Savard J, Ivers H, Morin CM. Psychological and health-related quality of life factors associated with insomnia in a population-based sample. J Psychosom Res. 2007;63(2):157-166.
21
Léger D, Morin CM, Uchiyama M, Hakimi Z, Cure S, Walsh JK. Chronic insomnia, quality-of-life, and utility scores: comparison with good sleepers in a cross-sectional international survey. Sleep Med. 2012;13(1):43-51.
22
Reynolds SA, Ebben MR. The Cost of Insomnia and the Benefit of Increased Access to Evidence-Based Treatment: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia. Sleep Med Clin. 2017;12(1):39-46.
23
Sofi F, Cesari F, Casini A, Macchi C, Abbate R, Gensini GF. Insomnia and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2014;21(1):57-64.
24
Stoller MK. Economic effects of insomnia. Clin Ther. 1994;16(5):873-897.
25
Wade AG. The societal costs of insomnia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;7:1-18.
26
Hertenstein E, Feige B, Gmeiner T, et al. Insomnia as a predictor of mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2019;43:96-105.
27
Ohayon MM, Roth T. Place of chronic insomnia in the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. J Psychiatr Res. 2003;37(1):9-15.
28
Hohagen F, Käppler C, Schramm E, Riemann D, Weyerer S, Berger M. Sleep onset insomnia, sleep maintaining insomnia and insomnia with early morning awakening--temporal stability of subtypes in a longitudinal study on general practice attenders. Sleep. 1994;17(6):551-554.
29
Sivertsen B, Krokstad S, Øverland S, Mykletun A. The epidemiology of insomnia: associations with physical and mental health. The HUNT-2 study. J Psychosom Res. 2009;67(2):109-116.
30
Klink ME, Quan SF, Kaltenborn WT, Lebowitz MD. Risk factors associated with complaints of insomnia in a general adult population. Influence of previous complaints of insomnia. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152(8):1634-1637.
31
Kawata Y, Maeda M, Sato T, et al. Association between marital status and insomnia-related symptoms: findings from a population-based survey in Japan. Eur J Public Health. 2020;30(1):144-149.
32
Gellis LA, Lichstein KL, Scarinci IC, et al. Socioeconomic status and insomnia. J Abnorm Psychol. 2005;114(1):111-118.
33
Broman JE, Hetta J. Electrodermal activity in patients with persistent insomnia. J Sleep Res. 1994;3(3):165-170.
34
Chapman JL, Comas M, Hoyos CM, Bartlett DJ, Grunstein RR, Gordon CJ. Is Metabolic Rate Increased in Insomnia Disorder? A Systematic Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:374.
35
Dressle RJ, Feige B, Spiegelhalder K, et al. HPA axis activity in patients with chronic insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2022;62:101588.
36
Lack L, Wright H, Kemp K, Gibbon S. The treatment of early-morning awakening insomnia with 2 evenings of bright light. Sleep. 2005;28(5):616-623.
37
Lack LC, Mercer JD, Wright H. Circadian rhythms of early morning awakening insomniacs. J Sleep Res. 1996;5(4):211-219.
38
Morris M, Lack L, Dawson D. Sleep-onset insomniacs have delayed temperature rhythms. Sleep. 1990;13(1):1-14.
39
Bravo-Ortiz M, Valverde C, Herrero E, Melero J, Naranjo M, Del Rio R. Personality and severity of primary insomnia. Sleep Med. 2013;14:e297-8.
40
de Saint Hilaire Z, Straub J, Pelissolo A. Temperament and character in primary insomnia. Eur Psychiatry. 2005;20(2):188-192.
41
Lundh LG, Broman JE. Alexithymia and insomnia. Personal Individ Differ 2006;40(8):1615–1624.
42
Gurtman CG, McNicol R, McGillivray JA. The role of neuroticism in insomnia: Neuroticism in insomnia. Clin Psychol. 2014;18(3):116-124.
43
Dekker K, Blanken TF, Van Someren EJ. Insomnia and Personality-A Network Approach. Brain Sci. 2017;7(3):28.
44
Rechtschaffen A. Polygraphic aspects of insomnia. In: Gastaut H, editor. The Ahnormalities of Sleep in Man. Gaggi; 1968.
45
Monroe LJ. Psychological and physiological differences between good and poor sleepers. J Abnorm Psychol. 1967;72(3):255-264.
46
Haynes SN, Adams A, Franzen M. The effects of presleep stress on sleep-onset insomnia. J Abnorm Psychol. 1981;90(6):601-606.
47
Lack LC, Gradisar M, Van Someren EJ, Wright HR, Lushington K. The relationship between insomnia and body temperatures. Sleep Med Rev. 2008;12(4):307-317.
48
Dodds KL, Miller CB, Kyle SD, Marshall NS, Gordon CJ. Heart rate variability in insomnia patients: A critical review of the literature. Sleep Med Rev. 2017;33:88-100.
49
Waters WF, Adams SG Jr, Binks P, Varnado P. Attention, stress and negative emotion in persistent sleep-onset and sleep-maintenance insomnia. Sleep. 1993;16(2):128-136.
50
Dressle RJ, Riemann D. Hyperarousal in insomnia disorder: Current evidence and potential mechanisms. J Sleep Res. 2023;32(6):e13928.
51
Roth T. Insomnia: definition, prevalence, etiology, and consequences. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3(5 Suppl):S7-10.
52
Mai E, Buysse DJ. Insomnia: Prevalence, Impact, Pathogenesis, Differential Diagnosis, and Evaluation. Sleep Med Clin. 2008;3(2):167-174.
53
Perlis ML, Ellis JG, Kloss JD, Dieter WR. Etiology and Pathophysiology of Insomnia. In: Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 6th ed. Elsevier. 2016;769-84.
54
Bootzin RR. Stimulus control treatment for insomnia. Proc Am Psychol Assoc. 1972;7:395-396.
55
Karakaş S. discriminative stimulus - ayırt edici uyarıcı. Psikoloji Sözlüğü. 2017.
56
Smith MT, Perlis ML, Park A, Smith MS, Pennington J, Giles DE, et al. Comparative meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for persistent insomnia. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(1):5-11.
57
Spielman AJ, Caruso LS, Glovinsky PB. A behavioral perspective on insomnia treatment. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1987;10(4):541-53.
58
Talbot LS, Harvey AG. Psychological Models of Insomnia. In: Sateia MJ, Buysse, editors. Insomnia. CRC Press. 2010;42-49.
59
Maurer LF, Schneider J, Miller CB, Espie CA, Kyle SD. The clinical effects of sleep restriction therapy for insomnia: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev. 2021;58:101493.
60
Morin CM. Insomnia: Psychological assessment and management. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press, 1993;238.
61
Morin CM, Bootzin RR, Buysse DJ, Edinger JD, Espie CA, Lichstein KL. Psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia:update of the recent evidence (1998-2004). Sleep. 2006;29(11):1398-1414.
62
Perlis ML, Giles DE, Mendelson WB, Bootzin RR, Wyatt JK. Psychophysiological insomnia: the behavioural model and a neurocognitive perspective. J Sleep Res. 1997;6(3):179-188.
63
Bastien CH. Insomnia: Neurophysiological and neuropsychological approaches. Neuropsychol Rev. 2011;21(1):22-40.
64
Perlstrom JR, Wickramasekera I. Insomnia, hypnotic ability, negative affectivity, and the high risk model of threat perception. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1998;186(7):437-40.
65
Wickramasekera IE. Somatization. Concepts, data, and predictions from the high risk model of threat perception. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1995;183(1):15-23.
66
Wickramasekera I. Assessment and treatment of somatization disorders: The high risk model of threat perception. In: Handbook of clinical hypnosis. American Psychological Association. 1993;587-621.
67
Lundh LG, Broman JE. Insomnia as an interaction between sleep-interfering and sleep-interpreting processes. J Psychosom Res. 2000;49(5):299-310.
68
Stricker J, Kröger L, Johann AF, Küskens A, Gieselmann A, Pietrowsky R. Multidimensional perfectionism and poor sleep: A meta-analysis of bivariate associations. Sleep Health. 2023;9(2):228-235.
69
Johann AF, Feige B, Hertenstein E, et al. The Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia on Multidimensional Perfectionism. Behav Ther. 2023;54(2):386-399.
70
Espie CA. Insomnia: conceptual issues in the development, persistence, and treatment of sleep disorder in adults. Annu Rev Psychol. 2002;53:215-243.
71
Harris K, Spiegelhalder K, Espie CA, MacMahon KM, Woods HC, Kyle SD. Sleep-related attentional bias in insomnia: A state-of-the-science review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;42:16-27.
72
Harvey AG. A cognitive model of insomnia. Behav Res Ther. 2002;40(8):869-893.
73
Hiller RM, Johnston A, Dohnt H, Lovato N, Gradisar M. Assessing cognitive processes related to insomnia: A review and measurement guide for Harvey’s cognitive model for the maintenance of insomnia. Sleep Med Rev. 2015;23:46-53.
74
McNamara P, Auerbach S. Evolutionary medicine of sleep disorders: Toward a science of sleep duration. In: McNamara P, Barton RA, Nunn CL, editors. Evolution of Sleep [Internet]. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press. 2001:107-122.
75
Perogamvros L, Castelnovo A, Samson D, Dang-Vu TT. Failure of fear extinction in insomnia: An evolutionary perspective. Sleep Med Rev. 2020;51:101277.
76
Seo J, Moore KN, Gazecki S, et al. Delayed fear extinction in individuals with insomnia disorder. Sleep. 2018;41(8):zsy095.
77
Wassing R, Schalkwijk F, Lakbila-Kamal O, et al. Haunted by the past: old emotions remain salient in insomnia disorder. Brain. 2019;142(6):1783-1796.
78
Türkarslan KK, Çınarbaş DC, Perogamvros L. The Roles of Intrusive Visual Imagery and Verbal Thoughts in Pre-Sleep Arousal of Patients with Insomnia Disorder: A Path Model. Cogn Ther Res. 2023.
79
Türkarslan KK. The Roles of Intrusive Visual Imagery And Visual Imagery Ability In Insomnia Disorder. Middle East Technical University. 2022.
80
Mertens G, Krypotos AM, Engelhard IM. A review on mental imagery in fear conditioning research 100 years since the ‘Little Albert’ study. Behav Res Ther. 2020;126:103556.
81
Ji JL, Heyes SB, MacLeod C, Holmes EA. Emotional Mental Imagery as Simulation of Reality: Fear and Beyond-A Tribute to Peter Lang. Behav Ther. 2016;47(5):702-719.
82
Harvey AG. Unwanted Intrusive Thoughts in Insomnia. In: Intrusive thoughts in clinical disorders: Theory, research, and treatment. Guilford Press. 2005;86-118.
83
Siebern AT, Suh S, Nowakowski S. Non-pharmacological treatment of insomnia. Neurotherapeutics. 2012;9(4):717-727.
84
Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K, Feige B, Voderholzer U, Berger M, Perlis M, et al. The hyperarousal model of insomnia: a review of the concept and its evidence. Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14(1):19-31.
85
Bonnet MH, Arand DL. Hyperarousal and insomnia. Sleep Med Rev. 1997;1(2):97-108.
86
Buysse DJ, Germain A, Hall M, Monk TH, Nofzinger EA. A Neurobiological Model of Insomnia. Drug Discov Today Dis Models. 2011;8(4):129-137.
87
van der Zweerde T, Bisdounis L, Kyle SD, Lancee J, van Straten A. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: A meta-analysis of long-term effects in controlled studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2019;48:101208.
88
Harvey AG, Bélanger L, Talbot L, et al. Comparative efficacy of behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and cognitive behavior therapy for chronic insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2014;82(4):670-683.
89
Vargas I, Nguyen AM, Muench A, Bastien CH, Ellis JG, Perlis ML. Acute and Chronic Insomnia: What Has Time and/or Hyperarousal Got to Do with It? Brain Sci. 2020;10(2):71.
2024 ©️ Galenos Publishing House